The 2023 MLB season is officially in the rearview mirror, and what a surprising six months of baseball it was.
Each year in our season preview, I make a bold prediction for each team, but nobody could have foreseen the way certain things this year played out. Now, these weren't silly predictions like "The Rangers will play the Diamondbacks in the World Series," but what I like to call realistic bold predictions.
So, as the offseason begins, it's time to look back at what I got right -- and wrong -- and grade each one of my predictions.
Los Angeles Dodgers
The prediction: The Dodgers' big four of Freddie Freeman, Mookie Betts, Will Smith and J.D. Martinez will outproduce the Padres' big four of Juan Soto, Fernando Tatis Jr., Manny Machado and Xander Bogaerts.
Nailed it -- and it wasn't even close. We used Baseball-Reference's runs created above average and the Dodgers' foursome was plus-137. The Padres' foursome was plus-89. Freeman and Betts ranked second and third in the National League at plus-58 and plus-56, while Soto was the Padres' top performer at plus-53.
Grade: A+
Looking ahead to 2024: Martinez heads back into free agency after a big season -- .271 with 33 home runs -- but the speculation is that the Dodgers have their eyes on Shohei Ohtani as their new DH. Martinez was good, but Ohtani is great -- and that could make this gap even larger, even building in some regression from Freeman and Betts, although Machado and Tatis are certainly capable of better seasons.
San Diego Padres
The prediction: Blake Snell starts the All-Star Game in his hometown of Seattle.
Snell didn't even make the All-Star team, let alone start, but I'm giving this a high grade anyway because my larger point rings true: Snell was going to have a great season -- and he did. After going 14-9 with a league-leading 2.25 ERA he is the Cy Young favorite (even though he also led the majors in walks).
Grade: A
Looking ahead to 2024: Snell heads into free agency and it will be fascinating to see how front offices value him. He has pitched 180 innings just twice in his career but will end up with Cy Young trophies both times. He doesn't pitch deep into games -- he went more than six innings just three times in 2023 -- but few pitchers do these days. The 99 walks are a concern, and he's unlikely to hold batters to a .152 average again with runners in scoring position. Indeed, look at his year-by-year average in that category:
2018: .088
2019: .247
2020: .143
2021: .252
2022: .217
2023: .152
I suspect he'll end up getting a contract similar to Robbie Ray's the year he was coming off his Cy Young Award: five years, $115 million.
Arizona Diamondbacks
The prediction: Corbin Carroll hits 20 home runs, steals 40 bases, posts a .375 OBP and finishes in the top 10 of the MVP voting.
If anything, I undersold Carroll just a bit: He hit 25 home runs and stole 54 bases with a .362 OBP, the first rookie ever to reach 25 and 50 -- and just the ninth player overall (and 13th time it was done). He finished 10th among NL position players in WAR, but I suspect he'll finish seventh or eighth in the MVP voting.
Grade: A
Looking ahead to 2024: The kid is a star and this won't be the last time he finishes in the top 10 of the MVP voting. His power fell off in the second half, which might or might not have been related to a shoulder "stinger" suffered July 6. Carroll was slugging .559 at the time and slugged .448 the rest of the way. Or maybe the league adjusted. Or maybe he'll hit for even more power in 2024. I'll take another 25/50 season.
Kansas City Royals
The prediction: Bobby Witt Jr. joins Eric Davis and Barry Bonds as the only members of the 30/50 club -- 30 home runs and 50 stolen bases.
Well, we did get a third member of the 30/50 club -- only it was Ronald Acuna Jr. and not Witt. But he came so, so close, finishing with 30 home runs and 49 steals, which doesn't even tell you how close he came. Witt hit his 30th home run in the third-to-last game of the season. In the next-to-last-game, he singled to lead off the third inning. Witt went on the first pitch, but Yankees catcher Kyle Higashioka got him with a perfect throw. On the final day, Witt again singled in the third. A little too eager, he got picked off first base and caught in a rundown (originally ruled safe at first, New York manager Aaron Boone challenged the call and it was overturned). Witt later tripled ... but did not try to steal home.
Grade: A-
Looking ahead to 2024: Witt finished with a .276/.319/.495 line, his defensive metrics were greatly improved (Statcast rated him in the 98th percentile in range), his hard-hit rate also improved and his strikeout rate declined. He just needs to improve his plate discipline to go from star to superstar -- and the Royals need to build a team around him.
Los Angeles Angels
The prediction: Shohei Ohtani wins the MVP Award ... and the Cy Young Award.
Ohtani didn't hit after Sept. 3 because of an oblique injury and he pitched only one inning after early August before eventually undergoing elbow surgery. However, he's going to win his second MVP in three seasons after leading the American League in home runs, OBP and slugging and going 10-5 with a 3.14 ERA in 23 starts. Some have called it the greatest individual season ever. Could he have won the Cy Young if he had stayed healthy? Gerrit Cole finished 15-4 with a 2.63 ERA, so Ohtani would have needed a strong finish, but he was neck-and-neck with Cole at the time of his injury.
Grade: B+
Looking ahead to 2024: Ohtani heads into one of the most anticipated free agencies of all time -- even if he won't be able to pitch in 2024. Don't rule out the Angels, who have the most to gain by keeping him and have essentially let Ohtani do whatever he wants to fulfill his two-way dreams. But you have to expect the Dodgers, Giants and Mets to make a serious run at him -- and perhaps another half-dozen teams, as well.
Texas Rangers
The prediction: Corey Seager and Marcus Semien become the first middle-infield teammates to both hit 35 home runs.
OK, fell a little short here -- Seager hit 33 home runs in just 119 games while Semien hit 29 -- but that still makes them just the fourth pair of middle infielders to both reach 29 (Hanley Ramirez and Dan Uggla did it twice with the Marlins and Semien did it with Bo Bichette in Toronto in 2021). But maybe even more impressive: Semien (7.4) and Seager (6.9) ranked 1-2 among AL position players in WAR.
Grade: B+
Looking ahead to 2024: When the Rangers signed Seager and Semien as free agents after a 102-loss season in 2021, the sales pitch was that this could be a quick turnaround. Two years later, the Rangers won the World Series and topped the AL in runs scored in the regular season with Seager and Semien leading the way. Now add Evan Carter and Wyatt Langford to a lineup that returns all the other main players and the Rangers look like they will be an offensive powerhouse for years to come.
Detroit Tigers
The prediction: The Tigers' best hitter will not be Spencer Torkelson or Riley Greene but Kerry Carpenter.
This was mostly true. Carpenter finished with a 121 wRC+, Greene 119 and Torkelson 107. Because Carpenter missed 36 games with an injury, Torkelson had better counting stats, leading the Tigers with 31 home runs and 94 RBIs compared with 20 and 64 for Carpenter. The larger point holds up: The unheralded Carpenter might end up better than the former high draft picks.
Grade: B+
Looking ahead to 2024: The Tigers scored 104 more runs than in 2022 -- but the offense still has a long way to go (13th in the AL in runs). Detroit needs Torkelson and Greene to continue to improve and Carpenter to show that 2023 wasn't a fluke.
Oakland Athletics
The prediction: Esteury Ruiz will lead the majors with 70 stolen bases -- the first player since Jacoby Ellsbury in 2009 to steal that many.
Ruiz led the AL with 67 steals, even though he batted fewer than 500 times, but that ranked second behind Acuna's 73 steals.
Grade: B+
Looking ahead to 2024: Ruiz is a marginal starter thanks to a .309 OBP. He has little power and doesn't walk much, so he doesn't generate much offense even with the stolen bases. Despite his speed, he wasn't great in center field. Lawrence Butler might get first crack there in 2024, pushing Ruiz to a fourth outfielder/pinch runner role.
Houston Astros
The prediction: Yordan Alvarez chases the Triple Crown and leads the AL with 48 home runs but finishes second in RBIs and batting average.
Alvarez ended up playing just 114 games because of injuries, finishing at .293 with 31 home runs and 97 RBIs. If we prorate those totals over 150 games, we get 41 home runs and 127 RBIs, which would have put him sixth in batting average, second in home runs and first in RBIs.
Grade: B
Looking ahead to 2024: Alvarez has topped out at 144 games in his three full seasons, so winning a Triple Crown will be difficult unless he can stay healthy. Given that his strikeout rate has been below 20% each of the past two seasons, however, I still believe there is a monster season coming up where he hits .325 with 45 home runs and that could win it for him.
Chicago Cubs
The prediction: The Cubs stay in the playoff race until the final week as Dansby Swanson and Nico Hoerner win Gold Gloves and the Cubs improve from 10th in the NL in runs allowed to the top five.
Swanson and Hoerner both won Gold Gloves, with Swanson leading all shortstops in Statcast's fielding run value and Hoerner ranking third among second basemen. The Cubs improved their run prevention from 731 runs allowed (10th in the NL) ... all the way down to 723 runs (seventh in the NL). The bigger improvement for them came on offense, as they went from 657 runs to 819 -- and they remained in the wild-card race until the final weekend.
Grade: B
Looking ahead to 2024: While the end of the season was a disappointment -- they lost five of their final six to fall behind the Diamondbacks and Marlins -- the Cubs are headed in the right direction. Swanson and Hoerner were the Cubs' two most valuable position players, combining for 9.8 WAR, with Swanson driving in 80 runs and Hoerner chipping in 98 runs scored while stealing 43 bases. They'll have to replace or re-sign Cody Bellinger, but the Cubs are ready to compete for a division title in 2024.
Baltimore Orioles
The prediction: Adley Rutschman will start the All-Star Game and lead the AL in on-base percentage.
Rutschman had a good year but that was an 0-for-2. The fans elected Jonah Heim the All-Star starter over Rutschman, as Rangers fans came out in full support and elected four of their players to the starting lineup. Rutschman made the team as a reserve, however, and finished sixth in the AL with a .374 OBP.
Grade: B-
Looking ahead to 2024: Rutschman certainly had an excellent season, hitting .277/.374/.435 and tying Gabriel Moreno for the highest WAR among catchers. I thought he might do a little better, more similar to his second-half numbers as a rookie (.275/.399/.462). It wasn't a fatigue thing, even though he played 154 games between catcher and DH, as September was his best month. The plate discipline and contact rates are elite, so I still think he puts up a couple of .400 OBP seasons at his peak.
Seattle Mariners
The prediction: Julio Rodriguez will hit 40 home runs and finish second in the MVP voting (to Shohei Ohtani).
J-Rod had hit 28 home runs in 132 games as a rookie and produced at a 40-homer pace over the final two-thirds of the season -- so it hardly seemed a stretch to think he could hit 40 as a sophomore and improve on his seventh-place finish in the MVP voting. It ended up a tale of two seasons: He hit .249 with 13 home runs in the first half and .308 with 19 home runs in the second half (in 68 games). He should finish in the rear of the top 10 of MVP voting.
Grade: C
Looking ahead to 2024: No doubt, 40 home runs will be back on the table in 2024, but it's also clear what's holding J-Rod back from even greater things: He ranked in the 8th percentile in chase rate, leading to 175 strikeouts. He's swinging at too many pitcher's pitches, so he needs to improve his pitch recognition and tone down the aggressiveness.
Boston Red Sox
The prediction: Masataka Yoshida hits .287 with a .385 OBP and scores 100 runs.
There were some doubts on how Yoshida might transition to MLB and there were certainly a lot of raised eyebrows in the sport over the five-year, $90 million contract the Red Sox gave him. Yoshida started off hot, hitting .316 with 10 home runs and an .874 OPS in the first half, but tailed off significantly in the second half and finished at .289 with a .338 OBP and 71 runs scored in 140 games.
Grade: C
Looking ahead to 2024: I'm not sure what happened here. Yoshida had hit .336 with a .449 OBP in Japan, including twice as many walks as strikeouts, and with the Red Sox he started off with a decent 36-27 strikeout-to-walk ratio in the first half before plummeting to 45-7 in the second half. The league adjusted and Yoshida did not. It wasn't a velocity issue -- he hit .315 and slugged .462 against fastballs. For $90 million, the Red Sox were hoping for an OBP closer to .400, that's for sure, and given his limited defensive value (he spent half his time at DH), he needs to hit to be worth the money.
Cincinnati Reds
The prediction: Hunter Greene will lead the NL in strikeouts -- 241 in 175 innings.
This was probably one of the boldest predictions on the list and it had a chance of coming true if Greene had stayed healthy. He fanned 152 in 112 innings, which translates to 238 over 175 innings -- but that would have ranked second in the NL to Spencer Strider's 281.
Grade: C
Looking ahead to 2024: The strikeout stuff is obviously there, but Greene remains hittable for a guy with a 98 mph fastball, allowing 111 hits and 19 home runs as batters slugged .518 against his heater. He remains mostly a two-pitch pitcher, throwing his changeup just 5.3% of the time. He needs to improve the changeup -- and stay healthy.
Atlanta Braves
The prediction: Michael Harris II becomes the fifth member of the 30/30/.300/CF/Gold Glove club.
After hitting .297 with 19 home runs and 20 steals as a rookie in 114 games, these felt like obtainable numbers. Harris got off to a horrendous start, however, and hit .163 with two home runs in his first 38 games (sandwiched around an injured list stint). Give him credit, though: He bounced back to finish at .293, albeit with just 18 home runs and 20 steals. He was a Gold Glove finalist, but Rockies center fielder Brenton Doyle beat him out for the award.
Grade: C
Looking ahead to 2024: I overestimated Harris' power potential -- he might not get the ball in the air enough to be a 30-homer guy. Clearly though, .300 is a possibility, but 25/25/.300 appears to be more of the upside here than 30/30 (the high chase rate is also concerning, but he somehow still managed to hit .295 in his two seasons).
New York Yankees
The prediction: Aaron Judge follows up his 62-homer season with 47 and finishes third in the MVP voting.
Judge missed nearly two months with a toe injury and hit 37 home runs in 106 games -- a pace that would put him at 54 over 155 games, so he remains a threat to hit 50 or even 60 again.
Grade: C-
Looking ahead to 2024: It's all about health for Judge. He did make a little less contact in 2023 than 2022, striking out 28.4% of the time compared to 25.1% (while also seeing his walk rate increase). The lack of support in the lineup made it easier to pitch around him, so maybe getting back to 50 or 60 is more about getting him some help.
Chicago White Sox
The prediction: Andrew Vaughn hits .275 with 30 home runs.
The third overall pick in 2019, Vaughn was an advanced college hitter out of Cal and expected to rake in the majors thanks to great plate discipline and a plus hit tool. He produced a .705 OPS as a rookie in 2021 and then .750 in 2022 with 17 home runs, so I was looking for a power surge and breakout in 2023. It didn't happen as Vaughn's numbers remained similar: .743 OPS with 21 home runs and a .258 average. For a player who walked twice as often as he struck out in college, Vaughn's 129-36 strikeout-walk ratio remains surprisingly poor.
Grade: C-
Looking ahead to 2024: Vaughn simply hasn't developed into the middle-of-the-order bat that he was projected to be. He has produced above-average hard-hit rates (79th percentile) but a lot of his hard contact is on the ground. After three years in the majors, this may be who he is. The raw power is there for a 30-homer season, but he has to find a way to get to it more often.
Miami Marlins
The prediction: Three Marlins starters make the All-Star team: Sandy Alcantara, Jesus Luzardo and Edward Cabrera.
Well, that was certainly an ambitious prediction -- and I was 0-for-3. Alcantara was unable to replicate his Cy Young season and finished the year undergoing Tommy John surgery, so we won't see him again until 2025. Luzardo did have a breakout season, going 10-10 with a 3.63 ERA and 208 strikeouts in 178 innings. Cabrera still has a big arm and fanned 118 batters in 99 innings while holding batters to a .215 average, but he also walked 66.
Grade: D+
Looking ahead to 2024: Even without Alcantara, the Marlins have a chance to have a pretty good rotation in 2024 as Braxton Garrett also had a breakout performance in 2023. Trevor Rogers and Max Meyer will hopefully return from injuries and Cabrera has big upside if he can cut down on the walks. The best bet for an All-Star, however, might be Eury Perez, who impressed as a rookie and has ace potential.
Minnesota Twins
The prediction: Joe Ryan wins 17 games, posts a sub-3.00 ERA and finishes in the top five of the Cy Young voting.
This looked like an astute prediction through Ryan's first 10 starts, when he was 7-1 with a 2.21 ERA. The second-year right-hander had adjusted his repertoire in 2023, adding a split-finger pitch and a sweeper while ditching a changeup ... but then the league began adjusting and balls started leaving the park with increasing frequency. Ryan allowed 28 home runs in 100⅔ innings the rest of the way, finishing at 11-10 with a 4.51 ERA.
Grade: D
Looking ahead to 2024: Ryan still generates a lot of strikeouts with his four-seam fastball that he throws at the top of the zone, but if he doesn't locate it, it can be tagged for home runs since it averages just 92.3 mph. Neither his sweeper nor slider were effective pitches, and as a result, right-handed batters slugged .530 against him. He'll have to continue to improve that sweeper to have a better pitch to get right-handers out.
St. Louis Cardinals
The prediction: Lars Nootbaar hits 30 home runs and makes the NL All-Star team.
Nootbaar was a stathead favorite entering 2023 -- I wasn't the only one to predict big things from him -- but while he hit .261 with a fine .367 OBP, he hit just 14 home runs in 426 at-bats. Three different stints on the IL didn't help matters.
Grade: D
Looking ahead to 2024: I'm not completely giving up on Nootbaar's power potential as the injuries may have affected him -- his average exit velocity fell from 91.7 mph to 89.1. He has elite plate discipline that helps him swing at good pitches, but he may also settle into a platoon role unless the Cardinals sort out their glut of outfielders.
Philadelphia Phillies
The prediction: Trea Turner wins NL MVP honors.
This prediction was made in the midst of the World Baseball Classic, when Turner was the best hitter for the U.S., bashing five home runs in six games. He looked poised for a monster season in his first year with the Phillies. Then the regular season started ... and Turner was an absolute dud for four months. He finally got it going in August and hit .337/.389/.668 his final 48 games, but his final WAR of 3.6 was well below his 4.9 of 2022 or 6.4 of 2021.
Grade: D
Looking ahead to 2024: The Turner of August and September looked like an MVP candidate, but his plate discipline wasn't the greatest and his defensive metrics slid in the wrong direction, so the consistency in all phases required to be an MVP candidate may not be there.
Colorado Rockies
The prediction: The Rockies will finish with the worst record in the majors ... but Kris Bryant will win the batting title!
The Rockies lost 103 games, the worst record in franchise history (they had never lost 100 games before). Alas, the A's and Royals had worse records. And Bryant? A big "no" on that prediction. He hit .233 and played just 80 games as he battled injuries once again. Only five years left on his deal.
Grade: D-
Looking ahead to 2024: One person who didn't seem to know the Rockies were going to be bad in 2023 was owner Dick Monfort, who had said the team could play .500 ball. It seems unlikely Colorado will get there in 2024.
Washington Nationals
The prediction: Joey Meneses hits .285 with 30 home runs -- and gets traded to the Twins.
Meneses had been a longtime minor leaguer when the Nationals called him up in 2022 at the age of 30 and he became a two-month sensation, hitting .324 with 13 home runs in 56 games. He hit 13 home runs again in 2023, except this time it took him 154 games to do it. He did not get traded.
Grade: D-
Looking ahead to 2024: Meneses did hit .275 and drove in 89 runs, but a .275/.321/.401 line is below what you want from a DH. The Nationals don't have any other obvious solutions, however, so pencil him in as a starter for now.
Toronto Blue Jays
The prediction: Daulton Varsho joins Shawn Green and Jose Cruz Jr. as the third player in Jays history to go 30/30.
Nope. Varsho finished with 20 home runs and 16 stolen bases while his OPS dropped from .745 to .674. His defense remained superb in the outfield, but the offense was a huge disappointment. Given how good Gabriel Moreno played for the Diamondbacks, this looks like a deal the Blue Jays may regret over the long haul.
Grade: F
Looking ahead to 2024: Varsho's defense gives him enough value to justify a spot in the lineup, but the offensive production was certainly a disappointment. He's now 27 with over 1,500 big league plate appearances, so I'm not sure there will be drastic improvement coming.
Milwaukee Brewers
The prediction: The Brewers lead the NL in home runs.
This looks silly given the Braves tied the single-season team home run record with 307, but the Brewers had finished second behind Atlanta in home runs in 2022, so this was a boldly reasonable idea. Instead, the Brewers declined from 219 home runs to 165 as Rowdy Tellez fell from 35 to 13 and their right fielders went from 36 to 12 after trading away Hunter Renfroe.
Grade: F
Looking ahead to 2024: Despite the power outage, the Brewers won six more games than they did in 2022. Still, they have holes at first base and third base to fill, and perhaps DH as well. Without Brandon Woodruff in 2024 and with a possible Corbin Burnes trade, they'll need the offense to improve.
Cleveland Guardians
The prediction: Josh Bell leads the AL in RBIs.
OK, this was a major misfire as Bell not only finished with just 74 RBIs but was traded from Cleveland to Miami. I'll still argue that my reasoning was sound: The top of Cleveland's lineup projected as an old-school construction -- not much power but a leadoff hitter with a good OBP in Steven Kwan. The lack of power meant those guys wouldn't be driving themselves in, leaving Bell with a lot of RBI opportunities. Well, Kwan's OBP dropped 30 points, Amed Rosario didn't get on base enough, Andres Gimenez (who I thought might move up to the 2-hole) saw his OBP drop 57 points -- and Bell didn't hit enough anyway.
Grade: F
Looking ahead to 2024: The Guardians were last in the majors in home runs, so they needed to get on base to score runs -- and they didn't get on base nearly enough in 2023, finishing 10th in the AL with a .313 OBP. If guys like Kwan and Gimenez were in over their heads in 2023, they're going to face the same uphill battle in 2024.
Pittsburgh Pirates
The prediction: Bryan Reynolds doesn't sign an extension and gets traded to the Dodgers.
Reynolds' name had been floated in trade rumors going back to the 2021-22 offseason, and as spring training wound down without him signing an extension, it appeared those rumors weren't going to stop anytime soon as players rarely sign extensions after the season starts. In late April, however, Reynolds signed an eight-year, $106.75 million extension (or seven years and $100 million in new money). It was the biggest deal in franchise history. Reynolds had a solid season, hitting .263/.330/.460 with 24 home runs.
Grade: F
Looking ahead to 2024: Reynolds had a 5.9-WAR season in 2021, when he had a .390 OBP, but hasn't matched that the past two seasons with totals of 2.9 and 2.5 WAR. Still, he's a reliable performer and the $100 million that runs through his age-35 season averages a reasonable $14.2 million per season. With Reynolds and Ke'Bryan Hayes, the Pirates have two players locked up through 2030. Maybe Oneil Cruz will turn into the big star they need to anchor the lineup.
San Francisco Giants
The prediction: David Villar leads the Giants in home runs and RBIs.
Villar had hit nine home runs in 156 major league at-bats and 27 in Triple-A in 2022 and projected as the team's starting third baseman, so it was reasonable to expect 25 or so home runs -- which, on the Giants, made him a candidate to lead the team. Oops. Villar hit .145 and did not lead the Giants in home runs or RBIs -- although if he had hit 25, he would have.
Grade: F
Looking ahead to 2024: The Giants ranked ninth in the NL in home runs, so they weren't completely devoid of power, but Wilmer Flores was the only player to hit 20. They've brought on Bob Melvin as the new manager, perhaps with the idea that he might be able to help recruit a certain power-hitting DH.
New York Mets
The prediction: David Bednar will be the team's closer when the Mets reach the postseason.
We knew Edwin Diaz was out for the season after sustaining a knee injury during the World Baseball Classic, so there were two elements to this prediction: (1) the Mets would be good enough without Diaz to make the postseason anyway; (2) the Pirates would be bad enough to trade Bednar to the Mets. Neither of those happened -- indeed, the Pirates finished with 76 wins and the Mets with 75. Bednar, at least, did have an outstanding season with a 2.00 ERA and 39 saves.
Grade: F
Looking ahead to 2024: Diaz will be back in 2024, but the Mets' bullpen may need more than just him after finishing 23rd in the majors in ERA.
Tampa Bay Rays
The prediction: Yandy Diaz will hit .330 and win the batting title.
OK, the prediction was actually that Wander Franco would win the batting title, but let's skip over that one.
Grade: Incomplete
Looking ahead to 2024: It will be interesting to see what the Rays do with the infield in 2024. Let's assume Franco is permanently out of the picture, as he was placed on administrative leave by MLB in August amid multiple investigations into alleged relationships he had with underage girls in his native Dominican Republic. They have prospects Junior Caminero -- who they played a couple of games at shortstop at the end of the season -- and Curtis Mead ready to join Diaz, Brandon Lowe, Isaac Paredes (who had a quiet 31-homer season), Taylor Walls, Jonathan Aranda and Oslevis Basabe. That's a good kind of logjam to have, but it seems like there will be a trade in there somewhere this offseason.