<
>

Rating every move in NBA free agency: Max deal for Jayson Tatum, Lakers get Marc Gasol

What do the latest trades and signings in NBA free agency mean for every team? What's next across the league?

NBA free agency officially began on Friday. Go here for my analysis from Day 1 (including moves by the Lakers, Heat and Nets) and Day 2 (including moves by the Warriors, Celtics and Clippers).

You can find team-by-team analysis below on all of Sunday's deals, including a big move by the Lakers, max extensions for both Jayson Tatum and Donovan Mitchell, two Milwaukee Bucks additions and a trade between the Detroit Pistons and the Philadelphia 76ers.

Note: The latest updates will be posted here, with teams listed alphabetically.

MORE: NBA trade grades | Latest NBA free agency buzz


Atlanta Hawks

1. Signed Bogdan Bogdanovic to a reported four-year, $72 million offer sheet; Sacramento has 48 hours to match

As expected, Atlanta is dropping a big offer sheet on Bogdanovic to complete its busy weekend. Although making an offer to a restricted free agent is an inherently risky proposition, the Hawks have reason to feel confident they'll get their man.

That starts, naturally, with the fact that the Kings reportedly agreed to a sign-and-trade sending Bogdanovic to the Milwaukee Bucks earlier this week before the deal fell through because Bogdanovic hadn't signed off on his part of the deal -- and couldn't have yet, according to NBA rules. While part of the logic for Sacramento was getting promising guard Donte DiVincenzo in return, the sign-and-trade framework suggested the Kings weren't going all-out to retain Bogdanovic.

Since then, Sacramento added another guard, drafting Tyrese Haliburton No. 12 overall. If Bogdanovic returns, the Kings will have a crowd in a backcourt that already boasted De'Aaron Fox and Buddy Hield. Additionally, a reported 15% trade kicker in this deal makes Bogdanovic somewhat less attractive if Sacramento is thinking about matching the offer with the specific intent of trading him.

Of course, part of the trouble with restricted free agency is all the booby traps teams lay in offer sheets to make them unpalatable to match suddenly apply to them if the other team declines. I'm not sure Bogdanovic at $18 million a season is a great value for Atlanta. Because Bogdanovic didn't get to the NBA until age 25, he's older than he seems, and this deal will take him through age 31.

Still, Bogdanovic would be the best of the Hawks' offseason additions in terms of helping them both now and down the road. With no other players available in free agency worth this kind of money, Atlanta has to be hoping -- and expecting -- that the Kings won't match. If I were running Sacramento's front office, I would pass unless I had a strong indication I could trade Bogdanovic to a place he wants to go (since he'll have veto power over his destination for the next year) as soon as he's eligible.


Boston Celtics

1. Agreed to a reported five-year, $195 million designated rookie max extension with Jayson Tatum

Both Tatum and the Celtics will have a lot riding on whether he makes an All-NBA Team this season, which would escalate his extension from 25% of the cap (an estimated $163 million based on current projections) to 30% ($196 million). Of the three players this week to agree to designated rookie extensions with Rose provisions thus far -- De'Aaron Fox and Donovan Mitchell are the others -- Tatum is the only one who actually made All-NBA last season (third team), making him the safest bet to do it in 2020-21.

Even with Gordon Hayward's departure, Tatum's extension could push Boston into the luxury tax. If he makes an All-NBA Team and Tristan Thompson exercises his $9.7 million player option, the Celtics would start next offseason north of the projected tax line with 12 players on the roster before attempting to re-sign starting center Daniel Theis.

Of course, a lot of teams would trade spots with Boston. The Celtics are coming off an Eastern Conference finals appearance and now have a 22-year-old rising star under contract for the foreseeable future. But with Jaylen Brown now off his rookie deal and Tatum joining him next year, Boston will have to be efficient with the rest of its payroll.

Tatum was also able to secure another critical concession from the Celtics, a player option on the fifth and final season of this contract. That could get him to unrestricted free agency a year sooner -- or allow him to start a supermax extension to further increase his salary if he remains an All-NBA contributor.


Cleveland Cavaliers

1. In a reported trade, acquired JaVale McGee and a second-round pick from the Lakers in exchange for Jordan Bell and Alfonzo McKinnie

I suspect the Cavaliers made this trade primarily because they're interested in McGee as a backup center behind Andre Drummond at a reasonable price ($4.2 million) after losing Tristan Thompson to the Boston Celtics on Saturday. Cleveland can also use Larry Nance Jr. in that role, but he may be needed at power forward, particularly when Kevin Love is out of the lineup.

For the Cavaliers' trouble, they also get a second-round pick. The Lakers can't convey one until 2023 at the earliest, and Cleveland would probably prefer it be as far as out as possible to increase the chances it doesn't fall in the last five picks of the round.


Dallas Mavericks

1. Agreed to re-sign Willie Cauley-Stein to a reported two-year, $8.2 million deal

Acquired in a January trade after the Mavericks lost starting center Dwight Powell to an Achilles rupture, Cauley-Stein never really got comfortable in Dallas. He played just 157 minutes in 13 games before the stoppage of play, then opted out of the restart as a new father. Now Cauley-Stein can settle in a bit.

Eventually, Dallas' depth chart at center could be crowded. Kristaps Porzingis moved to center after Powell's injury and the Mavericks also have Boban Marjanovic and can use Maxi Kleber in the middle. Still, Cauley-Stein should have more opportunity early in the season with Porzingis set to miss time after knee surgery and Powell working back from his injury.

Notably, the second season of Cauley-Stein's contract is a team option, allowing Dallas to preserve max cap space next summer. For now, the Mavericks' roster will probably be complete with the signing of second-round pick Tyrell Terry, which would give Dallas 15 players under full NBA contract. Despite using it to sign both Cauley-Stein and Trey Burke, the Mavericks preserved enough of their non-taxpayer midlevel exception to sign Terry to a deal of three years or longer.


Detroit Pistons

1. In a reported trade, acquired Zhaire Smith in exchange for Tony Bradley

With Bradley headed to Philadelphia and DeWayne Dedmon set to be waived, the Pistons now have a fairly normal number of centers in Jahlil Okafor, Mason Plumlee and first-round pick Isaiah Stewart. Find a new slant.

Detroit is taking a flyer on Smith, the No. 16 pick in 2018 who had a lot of fans around the league coming out of Texas Tech. Smith's first NBA season was marred by the combination of a Jones fracture in his left foot and the lingering effects of an an allergic reaction. He showed a bit more promise last year in the G League, making 38% of his 3-point attempts, and is still just 21.

As a side benefit, this trade saves the Pistons about $300K. We'll see whether that affects Detroit's ability to sign Plumlee and Jerami Grant without needing to waive Rodney McGruder and stretch his contract.


Golden State Warriors

1. Agreed to a reported one-year deal with Kent Bazemore

Back before the Warriors were the Warriors, Bazemore started his career as an undrafted rookie on the team that knocked off the Denver Nuggets in the 2013 playoffs. He's back now, coming full circle after six seasons as a role player elsewhere.

Quietly, Bazemore played pretty well in 25 games with the Sacramento Kings after a January trade. He hit 38% of his 3s, up from 35% career, and averaged 10.3 PPG in just 23.1 MPG off the bench. So Bazemore will do more than lead bench celebrations during his second stint in Golden State. He'll factor into the shooting guard rotation along with newly acquired Kelly Oubre Jr. and holdovers Damion Lee, Mychal Mulder and Jordan Poole.

If the Warriors waive both Mulder and Juan Toscano-Anderson, who have non-guaranteed contracts, they could clear one additional roster spot. Otherwise, this might be it for them this offseason.


Houston Rockets

1. Agreed to a reported one-year, veteran's minimum deal with Sterling Brown

After landing Christian Wood in a sign-and-trade deal, the Rockets are probably limited to minimum-salary offers to fill out their roster. The 25-year-old Brown is a good choice for one of those spots, having contributed to a contender the past two seasons.

A second-round pick in 2017, Brown was on the fringes of the Bucks' rotation before the 2020 postseason, when he played just four minutes. Brown was particularly effective in 2018-19, making 36% of his 3-point attempts and 56% of his 2s. Those marks dropped to 32% and 42.5%, respectively, last season. As long as Brown can stay at league average or better beyond the arc, he's playable.


Indiana Pacers

1. In a reported trade, acquired Jalen Lecque in exchange for T.J. Leaf and a second-round pick

2. Agreed to re-sign JaKarr Sampson to a reported one-year minimum deal

A Leaf trade became inevitable when the Pacers agreed to a deal with Justin Holiday on Friday, which put them temporarily in the luxury tax. It's not realistic for Indiana to pay the tax, and Leaf's $4.3 million salary made him the odd man out.

As compared to simply waiving Leaf and stretching his salary, this trade is a better outcome for the Pacers for a couple of reasons. First, they don't carry part of Leaf's salary on their cap the next two seasons. Second, Lecque's salary basically counts the same amount as a Leaf stretch and allows them to fill a roster spot.

After agreeing to a one-year, minimum deal to bring back Sampson, Indiana has 14 players on the roster and is $1.1 million away from the luxury-tax line, per Marks. The Pacers could either fill out the roster with second-round pick Cassius Stanley or leave the 15th spot open if Stanley is ticketed for a two-way contract.


Los Angeles Lakers

1. In a reported trade, acquired Jordan Bell and Alfonzo McKinnie from Cleveland in exchange for JaVale McGee and a second-round pick

2. Agreed to a reported two-year deal with Marc Gasol

Rumors that the Lakers were shopping McGee to increase their offer to Gasol were confusing to the extent that they were out of exceptions to offer more than the veteran's minimum. We got an explanation when Gasol agreed to sign shortly after the McGee trade was completed: It allowed them to offer him a two-year contract.

The difference comes from the way the NBA reimburses teams for one-year, minimum contracts for players with more than two years of experience. The team pays only the minimum for two-year veterans ($1.6 million) and that's what shows up on their cap. For multiyear minimum deals, the full amount ($2.6 million) hits the cap. So the Lakers, who cannot go beyond the luxury-tax apron, $6.3 million more than the tax line, needed more spending power.

Enter the Cavaliers, who offered two players with non-guaranteed contracts (Jordan Bell and Alfonzo McKinnie) in return for McGee. Because non-guaranteed salary doesn't count as matching for trade purposes, the Lakers will have to guarantee McKinnie's salary and $580K of Bell's salary. They'll then waive Bell and stretch his guaranteed salary over the next three years. Got it?

The net result is the Lakers create $2.2 million additional spending power, enough to both give Gasol the two-year minimum and offer free agent Markieff Morris slightly more than the minimum (up to 120% using non-Bird rights) to return. Otherwise, they remain limited to the veteran's minimum as they fill out the final three spots on their roster.

For more on the import of the Gasol acquisition, see my column ranking the NBA contenders in terms of their offseason moves.


Memphis Grizzlies

1. Re-signed De'Anthony Melton to a reported four-year, $35 million deal

2. Re-signed John Konchar to a multiyear deal

3. Re-signed Jontay Porter to a reported three-year, $6 million deal

The Grizzlies warded off possible offer sheets for two of their restricted free agents by taking care of them quickly. Melton cashed in by virtue of getting a relatively short two-year deal as a second-round pick in 2018. Now his starting salary on a four-year deal that declines over time will be greater than that of 2018 No. 2 overall pick Marvin Bagley III, my ESPN colleague Bobby Marks notes.

After a forgettable rookie campaign, Melton broke out in a big way following a trade from the Phoenix Suns. Melton was one of the leaders of a Grizzlies bench that powered their success. Memphis outscored opponents by 5.1 points per 100 possessions with Melton on the court, per NBA Advanced Stats. No other Grizzlies regular had a net rating better than plus-0.3 per 100.

That value can be traced to the defensive end, where Melton is a disruptive force. His 3.1 steals per 100 team plays ranked fourth in the league. He is also an outstanding defensive rebounder for a guard and capable of defending multiple positions.

The offensive story isn't quite as positive, but Melton is still just 22. If he develops either the ability to run an offense as a full-time point guard -- having played far more effectively off the ball last season next to either Ja Morant or veteran backup Tyus Jones -- or shoot decently from 3-point range, Melton projects as a Marcus Smart lite. In that case, Memphis will benefit handsomely from having Melton under contract long-term.

Like Melton, Konchar was a favorite of my stats-based draft projections. Undrafted last year, he joined the Grizzlies on a two-way contract and worked his way into the rotation when injuries mounted midseason. They rewarded him with a four-year deal that could pay a bit more than the minimum over that span.

Konchar's skills don't totally make sense in a traditional framework. Because he's not much of an outside shooter -- he shot 33% from 3-point range in the G League -- Konchar is basically a 6-foot-5 combo forward without athleticism to compensate. Yet Konchar managed to make 70% of his 2-point attempts and stuff the stat sheet. Memphis' net rating with Konchar on the court, plus-4.9 per 100 possessions, was nearly as good as that with Melton. We'll see whether he can keep up that kind of impact.

Porter was the third restricted free agent the Grizzlies re-signed. In his case, this was more procedural. Because he was signed midseason, Porter was eligible for only a two-year deal. Memphis declined a team option on the second season in order to re-sign the younger brother of Michael Porter Jr. to a three-year deal that will offer the ability to develop him over time.

Because of a pair of torn ACLs, Porter hasn't played a competitive game since the 2018 NCAA tournament. Back then as a freshman, Porter was promising statistically because of his ability to pass and shoot from the perimeter while protecting the rim on the other end. It will be interesting to see how the injuries and time off have affected his athleticism, never a strength in the best of circumstances.

These deals give the Grizzlies 15 players under contract before signing second-round draft pick Xavier Tillman Sr. With both two-way roster spots spoken for (Memphis has reportedly agreed to deals with undrafted rookies Sean McDermott and Killian Tillie), they'll probably waive Marko Guduric to free up a spot.


Milwaukee Bucks

1. Agreed to a reported two-year deal with Bryn Forbes

2. Agreed to a reported deal with Torrey Craig

As compared to Milwaukee's moves on Saturday to fill out its bench (agreeing to deals with D.J. Augustin and Bobby Portis), I much prefer the value with these two deals to add wings at the veterans minimum (Craig) and slightly more than that (Forbes).

Forbes presumably fills Kyle Korver's spot as a premier shooter. He's made an even 40% beyond the arc during his four-year NBA career with the San Antonio Spurs, including the past two seasons as a starter. Forbes fell out of favor with the emergence of young wings Keldon Johnson and Lonnie Walker IV while he was injured during the seeding games and came at a bargain for a player whose statistical projection just missed cracking those of my top 25 free agents.

It will be interesting to see how Mike Budenholzer uses Forbes, since a backcourt of him and 5-foot-11 Augustin would be undersized even by second-unit standards. It might make more sense to play the 6-2 Forbes alongside Jrue Holiday as much as possible while pairing Augustin with Donte DiVincenzo (6-4).

If Forbes covers the 3 half of the equation for role players on the wing, Craig offers the defense. He's served as a wing stopper for the Denver Nuggets, starting part-time the past two seasons (37 of 75 games in 2018-19, 27 of 58 last year) and playing big minutes in the playoffs (23.6 in 2019, 19.7 last year).

Given all that, it's surprising Craig couldn't do better than a minimum deal. At that price point, I suspect that Denver's decision not to bring Craig back was partially about ensuring coach Michael Malone wouldn't play him ahead of the more talented Michael Porter Jr. The good/bad news for the Bucks: They don't have any young player that talented to block. We'll see whether Craig, a 32% career 3-point shooter, can keep defenses honest enough to play big minutes for them in the postseason.

With Craig and Forbes, Milwaukee's 2020-21 roster is just about complete. The Bucks have enough room under the luxury-tax apron to sign No. 45 pick Jordan Nwora to a contract paying him the rookie minimum ($900,000) and hand out one more minimum contract to a free agent.


Minnesota Timberwolves

1. Agreed to re-sign Juan Hernangomez to a reported three-year, $21 million deal

2. In a reported trade, acquired Ed Davis from the Knicks in exchange for Omari Spellman, Jacob Evans and a future second-round pick

After agreeing to a new deal with Malik Beasley on Friday, the Timberwolves took care of their other restricted free agent Sunday. Beasley and Hernangomez came to Minnesota together before the trade deadline in exchange for a first-round pick and both played well in starting roles before play stopped.

Starting at power forward, Hernangomez averaged 12.9 PPG and 7.3 RPG in 29.4 MPG over 14 games post-trade, making 42% of his 3-point attempts. If Hernangomez can keep that up, he'll be a bargain at $7 million per year over the next three. I'm skeptical of the shooting in particular; Hernangomez is a career 36% 3-point shooter. Even at that rate, his willingness to let fly (he attempted 6.0 3s per 36 minutes) helps space the floor in a way Minnesota couldn't do before the trade. The Timberwolves also mitigated risk with this deal by getting a team option on the final season.

Signing Hernangomez would have given Minnesota 15 players under contract, including three non-guarantees (Jaylen Nowell, Naz Reid and Jarred Vanderbilt). In the Knicks deal, Timberwolves got a bit more room to operate by swapping two bit players for one. Minnesota did add some salary in the deal, presumably in order to add Davis' respected veteran presence to the locker room.

The extra roster spot may be ticketed for restricted free agent Jordan McLaughlin, who averaged 19.7 MPG last season while playing on a two-way contract.


New York Knicks

1. Agreed to a reported three-year, $10 million deal with Austin Rivers

2. In a reported trade, acquired Omari Spellman, Jacob Evans and a future second-round pick from Minnesota in exchange for Ed Davis

In all likelihood, the Knicks are making this trade just to add this second-round pick to the pair they got from the Jazz to take on Davis' salary earlier this week. Evans and Spellman, both drafted in the last three picks of the 2018 first round, haven't done enough in two seasons to justify NBA roster spots. I suspect New York will waive both and walk away with the pick, an extra roster spot and about $1 million of additional cap space.

After holding the line on multiyear deals the first two days of free agency, I'm surprised the Knicks broke that trend for Rivers. The price isn't so bad since Rivers won't make all that much more than his minimum salary would have been (which was about $7 million over the next three seasons). But Rivers will be 30 by the end of the deal, so this move doesn't exactly add a core piece. At some point, it would be nice to see New York use one of its roster spots on a younger free agent with more upside.


Oklahoma City Thunder

1. In a reported trade, acquired T.J. Leaf and a second-round pick for Jalen Lecque

The rumors are true: Sam Presti will make trades that don't net Oklahoma City a first-round pick.

Depending on how the Thunder play things, they are looking at either about $20 million in cap space or massive trade exceptions for Kelly Oubre Jr. ($14.4 million) and possibly Danilo Gallinari via a potential sign-and-trade (the amount of Gallinari's 2020-21 salary). Either way, the strategy is the same: Use that space to take on unwanted contracts from other teams.

It remains to be seen whether Leaf will stick in Oklahoma City. The 2017 first-round pick wasn't able to make much of an impact in three seasons with the Pacers, playing just 222 minutes in 2019-20. To succeed, Leaf needs to demonstrate notable skill, and his 26.5% 3-point shooting the past two years doesn't qualify.


Philadelphia 76ers

1. In a reported trade, acquired Tony Bradley in exchange for Zhaire Smith

Smith was an odd man out with the Sixers, while Bradley could play an important role for them as a third center behind Joel Embiid and Dwight Howard. Bradley proved capable as a backup to Rudy Gobert last season, making 67% of his 2-point attempts and grabbing 22% of all available rebounds -- sixth-best among players who saw at least 500 minutes of action. So he can hold down a rotation spot when needed.

This move suggests cutting the luxury-tax bill isn't a priority for Philadelphia, currently about $8 million above the tax line with 13 players on the roster. Although Bradley isn't much more expensive than Smith, the Sixers could have saved money by trying to use cash and second-round picks to offload Smith to a team with cap space or a trade exception.


Portland Trail Blazers

1. Agreed to a reported one-year deal with Harry Giles

Limited to minimum offers to fill out their roster, the Blazers are taking an interesting flier on Giles, who was technically drafted by them in 2017. (That pick, No. 20 overall, was one of two Portland traded on draft night to move up to No. 10 and take Zach Collins.)

After a redshirt season to get right physically, Giles played off the bench the past two years in Sacramento and did little to distinguish himself. The Kings were excited about Giles' playmaking from the high post, which is a plus for a center, but he's a below-average rim protector in that role and only middle-of-the-pack as a scorer and shot blocker. The whole package rated below the high replacement level for centers by my wins above replacement player metric.

Giles is still just 22, so at this price he's worth a look from the Blazers. It is notable they apparently chose him over former Sacramento teammate Wenyen Gabriel, who averaged 13.3 MPG for Portland in the 2020 playoffs.


Toronto Raptors

1. Agreed to a reported two-year, $14.3 million deal with Aron Baynes

2. Agreed to re-sign Chris Boucher to a reported two-year, $13.5 million deal

3. Agreed to a reported two-year, $4 million deal with DeAndre' Bembry

After the disappointing news that Gasol was following Serge Ibaka to Los Angeles, the Raptors quickly enacted their Plan B by striking deals with a pair of centers. Baynes looks like the favorite to start in Toronto next season after starting 28 of 42 games in 2019-20 for the Phoenix Suns.

Baynes began the season on an unlikely tear. Replacing Deandre Ayton at center during the latter's suspension, Baynes averaged 14.5 points in the Suns' first 12 games, making 44% of his 3-point attempts and 56% from the field overall. There was even talk Baynes should keep starting at center after Ayton's return. Phoenix did try them together in the starting lineup three times before Baynes returned to the bench and cooled.

As a transitional center, Baynes makes sense on what's effectively a one-year deal. The Raptors will hold a team option on Baynes for 2021-22, giving them the ability to maintain the cap space they're saving for a run at a max free agent next summer.

Having emerged as a contributor last season when Gasol and Ibaka missed time with injuries, Boucher now graduates into the role of backup center on a much more lucrative deal than the minimum-salary contract he previously had. I suspect that happened for a combination of factors. It's possible a statistically inclined team was considering an offer sheet for Boucher, who ranked 17th in my stats-based projections. Toronto probably paid Boucher more for the upcoming season in order to sign him to a two-year deal with a non-guaranteed salary for 2021-22, allowing this deal to work using his Early Bird rights.

Later, my ESPN colleague Adam Schefter took time off from breaking every piece of NFL news to report that the Raptors will sign Bembry to a two-year deal for the minimum. Bembry was a rotation player in Atlanta last season, but unless he dramatically improves his 3-point shooting (27%), his skill set compares unfavorably to that of new teammate Patrick McCaw.

With those deals complete, Toronto will have one or two roster spots (depending on whether 2019 second-round pick Dewan Hernandez is waived before his salary guarantees next week) and about $4.7 million to spend below the luxury-tax line. A new deal for forward Rondae Hollis-Jefferson could be next.


Utah Jazz

1. Agreed to a reported five-year, $195 million designated rookie max extension with Donovan Mitchell

My ESPN colleague Brian Windhorst has popularized the term "fun max" to refer to rookie extensions like this one that require relatively little difficult negotiating. The player has earned a maximum salary heading into his prime years, and the team is happy to offer it for a key part of its future -- particularly in the case of a player like Mitchell, who has dramatically outperformed the typical No. 13 pick.

The biggest negotiating point in "fun max" extensions is often how much the player will increase their salary if eligible for the so-called "Derrick Rose rule" that bumps up the maximum to 30% (rather than the typical 25%) for players who make an All-NBA team, win MVP or Defensive Player of the Year during the season before the extension. Mitchell's camp won on this point, as, according to ESPN's Bobby Marks, he'll get the full 30% if he makes any of the All-NBA teams, rather than an escalating percentage based on which of the three teams he makes like we saw with the extension De'Aaron Fox agreed to on Friday night.

An All-NBA team is a realistic outcome next season for Mitchell, who finished 10th among guards in voting this season. That came before Mitchell's transcendent first-round series against the Denver Nuggets, when he averaged a league-leading 36.3 points per game and topped the 50-point mark twice, joining Michael Jordan and Allen Iverson as the third player ever with multiple 50-point games in the same series.

The kind of 3-point shooting we saw from Mitchell against the Nuggets (52% on 9.1 attempts per game) isn't sustainable, but if he becomes a more consistent pull-up threat beyond the arc after making between 36% and 37% of his 3s each of the past two seasons, he could make another leap after appearing in his first All-Star Game in February.

Given Mitchell isn't quite as accomplished as Tatum and is more than a year older, it's a little more surprising that he too was able to get a player option on the final year of this contract (per ESPN's Bobby Marks). With so little time before the start of training camp, the Jazz might have wanted to get an extension taken care of quickly. Now their attention turns to a possible extension for their other All-Star, center Rudy Gobert.


Day 2 deals

Here's my analysis from Day 2:

  • Gordon Hayward's big move and what it means for the Celtics and Hornets

And here's my roundup of Saturday's news, including:


Day 1 deals

Here's my analysis of the initial wave of major free-agency moves and what they mean:

And here's my roundup of more news analysis, including: