Two leagues have been rewarded with an extra place in next season's UEFA Champions League (UCL) based on performance in Europe this season.
Last season, Borussia Dortmund of the German Bundesliga and Bologna from Italian Serie A were the lucky recipients, with clubs in Germany and Italy outperforming those from England, France and Spain.
This season, the English Premier League sealed the first additional place for 2025-26 on April 8, and the Spanish LaLiga claimed the second on April 17.
Here's how it works.
How does it work?
It's about the collective performance of all teams from each country taking part in Europe this season. The two leagues with the best average coefficient scores get an extra place.
Regardless of competition, each win is worth two coefficient points, a draw gets you one point, and you get nothing for a defeat.
If a match goes to extra time, the score after 120 minutes is used. So, penalties are not taken into account if the game is drawn, as they are used to determine the tie rather than the individual match.
The points gained by all clubs are added together, and that total score is divided by the number of clubs a country has in Europe in the season. That gives the coefficient average. For example, if a country has 60 coefficient points and seven teams in Europe, its score is 8.571 for the table (60 / 7).
The additional place goes to the first team in the league table outside the UCL places. So, in the Premier League it would go to fifth. It's a place on top of the regular allocation, so if a league usually has seven places in Europe, it will have eight next season.
So wins aren't worth more in the Champions League?
No, the coefficient system is essentially designed to assess the overall strength of leagues. Wins are the same in all competitions. Otherwise, it would be impossible for those leagues with few or no teams in the UCL group stage to move up the coefficient rankings.
However, clubs in the UCoL do play two fewer games in the league phase.
That said, a revamped bonus points system does give more weight to the UCL clubs. More on this further down the page.
Won't this just turn out to be extra places for two top leagues?
If we look back at the previous seven seasons, England and Spain take nine of the 14 slots, with Italy and Germany two each. Only in 2021-22 did one of the countries with fewer than four teams in the Champions League (the Netherlands) finish in the top two of average coefficient.
History already told us that it's highly likely two of the top leagues will have five places in the Champions League. Now that's been strengthened by the extra bonus points in the UCL.
2024-25: England and Spain
2023-24: Italy and Germany
2022-23: England and Italy
2021-22: England and the Netherlands
2020-21: England and Spain
2019-20: Spain and Germany
2018-19: England and Spain
How does the coefficient table look this season?
This is the top 10 as of April 17.
1. ENGLAND, 26.821 - (4/7) - CONFIRMED
2. SPAIN, 23.250 - (3/7) - CONFIRMED
3. Italy, 21.187 - (2/8)
4. Germany, 18.421 - (0/8)
5. France, 16.857 - (1/7)
6. Portugal, 16.250 - (0/5)
7. Belgium, 15.650 - (0/5)
8. Netherlands, 15.250 - (0/6)
9. Greece, 12.687 - (0/4)
10. Norway, 11.812 - (1/4)
The brackets indicate how many of a league's original allocation are still active. For instance, 4/7 indicates three of a league's seven teams has been knocked out.
So, what about the new bonus points system?
This is where things changed, and performance in the UCL became much more valuable than the UEL, and likewise the UCoL.
Under the old system, the maximum bonus points for a club in the UCL was 12, and now it's 18 (+6). In the UEL it's up from eight to 10 (+2). In the UCoL, it has risen from four to six (+2).
Every club that participates in the UCL gets a minimum of six bonus points just for taking part (+4) in the league phase. In the UEL, you have to finish first to get six bonus points. In the UCoL, first place only gets you four points. There are no bonus in the UEL or UCoL if you finish outside the top 24, but there are in the UCL.
There are then bonus points for reaching each of the knockout rounds, again weighted by competition.
As well as those high bonus points in the UCL for position, the teams who finish in the top eight are guaranteed another 1.500 for reaching the round of 16.
There were no bonus points for participating in the knockout playoffs in February in any of the competitions, but you did get points for the result of each leg -- something which isn't available to the top eight. Results in the knockout playoffs counted to the league's overall coefficient, but not the individual club's.
Looking at the league phase, by winning the UCL league phase Liverpool earned 13.500 bonus points -- 12.000 for first place, and another 1.500 for getting to the round of 16. Arsenal added 13.000 bonus points for finishing third. Aston Villa, in eighth, added 11.750 while Man City, who were 22nd, could only supply 6.750 bonus points.
But the totals were much lower in the other two European competitions.
Manchester United (6.500) and Tottenham Hotspur (6.250) picked up much fewer bonus points in the UEL league phase than Man City in the UCL even though they finished third and fourth.
By comparison, Chelsea got only 4.500 bonus points even though they finished first in the UCoL league phase.
So that's an advantage for the leagues with five UCL teams?
Yes, and no.
While Serie A and the Bundesliga have five teams in the Champions League, they also have eight teams in Europe.
Every win and bonus point is, when averaged, worth less than it is for the other leagues. And if a few teams struggle, there's no chance of challenging for the top two.
Italian clubs had been holding up well until that horrendous knockout playoff round, while German teams unperformed greatly and are already out of contention.
England and Spain will find out if they are at a disadvantage next season.
When do we usually find out who gets the extra places?
In many seasons it can be obvious in March, once we know which leagues have multiple teams through to the quarterfinals of the three European competitions.
Last season, Serie A clinched an extra berth on April 18, with the Bundesliga following on May 1. It looked like it was going to be closer, but terrible results for English clubs in the quarterfinals, losing four of its five remaining teams, effectively handed second place to Germany.
The Premier League was well out in front this year and sealed its place on April 8. LaLiga wasn't far behind, sealing it on April 17.
However, the 2019-20 season shows that it can go right down to the wire. Germany didn't overtake the Premier League for second place until Bayern Munich beat Paris Saint-Germain 1-0 in the final of the Champions League. If that's repeated this season, we wouldn't know which league gets the second additional spot until the UCL final on May 31.
It would leave two clubs in the domestic leagues praying for the right result in the final. In 2019-20, Bayer Leverkusen and Leicester City finished fifth in Germany and England respectively. Leverkusen would have needed Bayern to win the UCL final to get the place, while Leicester required Bayern to lose the match.
What's the maximum number of places in the UCL and in Europe?
Under the old system, a maximum of five clubs from one association could play in the Champions League. The cap has been removed and it will be possible for seven teams to get a place in the UCL: The top four, fifth through league performance in Europe, and the winners of the UCL and the UEL (if they do not finish in the top four).
It would also technically be possible, though highly unlikely, to have 11 teams in Europe: The usual allocation of seven, plus the extra Champions League place and the titleholders of all three European competitions.
How does the extra place affect the other league positions?
As the extra spots will go to one of the top leagues, fifth place will enter the Champions League and the two leagues will have eight (rather than seven) places in Europe. Other European berths drop down a place.
Any season the Premier League gets it, the access will be:
Champions League: 1-5
Europa League: 6, FA Cup winners
Conference League: Carabao Cup winners
If LaLiga, the Bundesliga or Serie A get it, the access will be:
Champions League: 1-5
Europa League: 6, Cup winners
Conference League: 7
In all cases if a team win the domestic cup and finish in a European place in the league, the spots drop down one more place.
If a team win the UEL or UCL but don't qualify for the UCL domestically, that league would have six places in the UCL -- the five places to the leagues plus the UEL or UCL titleholders as an additional. The league would forfeit the domestic place earned by the titleholders.
Last season, if Borussia Dortmund had won the Champions League, Germany would have had six teams (the top six) in the UCL but only one in the UEL -- losing the spot earned by Dortmund.
If a country gets the performance spot, and one of its teams finishes eighth and wins a European trophy, ninth can get a place in the UCoL.
Even more unlikely, 11th in the Premier League could have qualified for the UCoL if English clubs won all three European competitions and finish eighth, ninth and 10th. However, this ended with Aston Villa's elimination.
Which teams would benefit right now?
Man City are fifth in England, with Villarreal holding that spot in LaLiga.