Ten years ago last week, Martin Guptill faced up against Mitchell Starc at Adelaide Oval for the first ball in day-night Test. What played out was a gripping, low-scoring encounter, including a dose controversy, which Australia won by three wickets. The crowds flocked in, and TV ratings were huge.
Seen as a way to boost attendance and attractive to broadcasters, day-night Tests had been an evolution talked about since the early 2000s. There had been a plan to stage a 2010 Test between England and Bangladesh under lights at Lord's but it would take another five years of negotiations and domestic trials for it to come to fruition. An AU$1 million bonus helped sweeten the deal when Australia and New Zealand took the field.
James Sutherland, the former Cricket Australia CEO, had been one of the catalysts behind bringing day-night Tests to life. When India declined a pink-ball Test on the 2018-19 tour, citing the fact they had yet to play any, he said: "It's the way of the future and India may or may not come around to that idea for this tour but I still believe it's the way of the future. I think everyone in world cricket knows that."
India have since played five, including two in Adelaide, but the upcoming pink-ball Test at the Gabba will be just the 24th in the men's game overall, of which more than half (13) have been staged in Australia. While Brisbane is the venue this week, Adelaide Oval has become the 'home' of the pink-ball Test. It remains a central part of the Australian cricket calendar, but the format hasn't changed the game globally the way that may have first been envisaged.
"In Australia, why it works is we have great weather at this time of year in the summer, with world-class stadiums and facilities and excellent flood lighting," Joel Morrison, Executive General Manager, Events & Operations at Cricket Australia told ESPNcricinfo. "And ultimately there's been significant investment over a long period of time in optimising the pink ball and the wickets to best support the day-night format in Australian conditions.
"I think the fact that it is now a staple of the Australian summer means that people know there is always a day-night Test match being played, so they can rely upon that when we're playing at home. Then just the unique nature of Test cricket under lights, there's something quite special about seeing players in whites under lights with big crowds and the pink ball. It really just gives a great point of difference to the game and is a great example of how the game of Test cricket over its history has continued to evolve and it's quite a unique spectacle."
"So those elements coming together mean we've got a recipe that works very effectively in Australian conditions. We see big crowds turning up to because they're more accessible, and it is also validated by a strong viewership for those games, which helps promote Test cricket."
Why day-night Tests haven't work
What has become clear over the years is that you need a particular set of conditions to come together to make for an ideal day-night scenario: limited impact from dew, a pitch that helps the pink ball - which has been an ongoing challenge to perfect - retain a degree of hardness for longer, but does not combine to make conditions unplayable, and a climate that provides reasonable assurance of warm evenings.
England staged one game in 2017 against West Indies at Edgbaston where the night sessions were cold (a British summer doesn't guarantee warmth) and the crowd had thinned out by the end. Writing in his Sunday Times column, Alastair Cook, who made 243 in that match, also said the longer twilight in the UK, with the sun setting late on summer nights, extended the period where the ball dominated.
South Africa tried one in 2017 against Zimbabwe which ended in two days. For a period after that the country's challenging power situation - which often involved load-shedding - made it impractical. It's uncertain if they will revisit it.
In India, the dew was an issue, and concerns over the ball. Sri Lanka's three main Test grounds - SSC, P Sara and Galle - don't have lights (although the SSC soon will) and Pallekele is too wet for parts of the year. Pakistan were keen on them in the UAE but have not explored it since bringing international cricket back home.
Having been part of the first, New Zealand Cricket (NZC) were initially keen but have only hosted two, the first of which saw England bowled out for 58 inside the first session. Not all their boutique venues have lights. In West Indies, which had initially been thought of as a prime market, the pink Dukes ball has swayed things too far in the way of the bowlers.
Former England captain Michael Atherton sat on the MCC World Cricket Committee when the day-night format was initially being discussed. "The whole point was to play them in places where the crowds are struggling somewhere like, say Bridgetown where Test crowds have not been great, but it goes dark early, it's warm and it's obvious you can play and get people in after work," he said on the Sky Sports Cricket Podcast. "This Ashes Test at the Gabba would be sold out anyway and the notion that they are going to play that 150th Test anniversary Test [between Australia and England] in 2027 under lights is a complete nonsense."
The point about whether the Ashes series needs a day-night Test was brought up by Joe Root this week. For Australia's players, even those who hold some reservations, it has just become part of the summer. Having a match every season has naturally meant they have been able to adjust.
"I mean, would I prefer to play red ball over pink ball? Probably," Marnus Labuschagne, the leading run-scorer in pink-ball Test cricket, said. "Just because you play it more, you're used to the colour of the ball. There's a few intricate things about the pink ball that make it a bit of a different game. But I think as with anything when it first came along everyone was like, no we just want red ball, [but] it's become something that traditionally Australia have been very good at."
A bowlers' game, but not always
Leading into this Test in Brisbane, Stuart Broad, who played in seven day-night Tests was concerned it could become a "lottery." There has not been a single draw in day-night Test cricket. The average length of a match has been approximately 264 overs. For comparison, the average length of a result red-ball Test in the last ten years has been approximately 300 overs, so the difference isn't vast. In Australia it narrows even more: 287 overs vs 309.
There have been some Tests on the extreme shorter end of the scale: India beat England in two days in Ahmedabad when the spinners proved unstoppable. Root claimed 5 for 8 and Axar Patel skidded the ball through the visitors. As previously mentioned, South Africa dismantled Zimbabwe in quick time in Gqeberha. More recently, West Indies were rolled for 27 by Starc and Scott Boland in Jamaica, a match that used the pink Dukes ball, perhaps for the final time.
But for all the focus on the ball in day-night Tests, which now has a black seam rather than a white one, the pitch plays a decisive role and runs have been possible: David Warner and Azhar Ali have scored triple centuries. Naturally, the individual statistics are heavily weighted towards Australians. Labuschagne has made 958 runs at 63.86 with four centuries.
"I don't really know why my record has been good against a pink ball, but it's something that I have enjoyed," he said. "It's obviously got its challenges because it provides so much opportunity at different times. You have to change your game, you have to adapt and there's certain times where there's a bit of [a lull] and then there's certain times where the game speeds up."
Starc is the king of the format with the ball having claimed 81 wickets at 17.08 including 6 for 9 in his last outing in Jamaica. There is some irony to that given Starc was strongly opposed to the format when it began, although he has mellowed somewhat these days. "It's good for the record," he joked at Sabina Park.
"You don't want to overdo what it is," he added after the extraordinary haul in his 100th Test. "I think it's a great product in Adelaide. I think there's a spot for it. You just look at how it's been picked up by Adelaide and the public there. It's certainly a fantastic week to be a part of there when it's a pink-ball test. It's not this year. I'm still a traditionalist, so I still very much love the red-ball game. I've grown to see a place for it in the calendar."
Alongside the format's inaugural outing in Adelaide, two of the closest Tests have come at the Gabba. In 2016-17, Pakistan were within touching distance of chasing down a world-record 490 thanks to a magnificent fourth-innings century from Asad Shafiq and a surface that knocked the life out of the ball. Then two seasons ago, West Indies pulled off an eight-run heist when Shamar Joseph tore through Australia.
Whether this week's match can produce a finish to match either of those remains to be seen but, while a decade on Australia remains a bastion for the format, it feels like the prospects of the day-night game being revolutionary for the Test cricket have passed.